Ученые рисуют или Интересные иллюстрации

[Gilgamesh]

Тема-дайджест, имейджборда посвященная интересным, удачным примерам иллюстраций из научной и научно-популярной литературы. Хорошая иллюстрация - рисунок, фото, диаграмма, график, граф, древо - может сказать многое, а в чем - то может и заменить текст. Она может обладать художественными достоинстваими и информацонной самодостаточностью - сообщать читателю законченный объем информации. Будем делиться такими примерами.

Ссылка на источник, пояснение к картинке приветствуется.

[Gilgamesh]

FIGURE 7.2. Exemplars of cetacean morphological and trophic evolution set against the tectonic context of the past 45 million years. Morphology (shaded areas = anterior position of nasal bones): A. Artiocetus, a protocetid, and Zygorhiza, a basilosaurid, representatives of the morphological diversity of archaeocetes in the Eocene. B. Waipatia, an early odontocete, and Chonecetus, a toothed mysticete reflecting the emergence of Neoceti in the Oligocene. C. Xiphiacetus, a long-beaked odontocete, and Isanacetus, a cetotheriid mysticete, reflecting morphological specializations during the Miocene. D. Stenella and Balaenoptera represent the morphological disparity between modern Odontoceti and Mysticeti. (Artiocetus modified from Gingerich et al. [2001]; Zygorhiza, Waipatia, and Chonecetus from Fordyce [2002b]; Isanacetus from Kimura and Ozawa [2002]; and Balaenoptera from Fordyce and Muizon [2001]). Tectonics: Paleogeographic reconstructions from 45 Ma to Recent (Holocene) (Smith et al. 1994). Stars indicate noteworthy fossil localities. Food webs: Likely feeding interactions of cetaceans over the past 45 million years based on fossil morphology and phylogenetic relationships of living taxa and their dietary preferences and specializations (Evans 1987 and references therein).

Краткая история китов в картинках: мофологическое разнообразие, географическое распространение на теле меняющейся Земли и роль в пищевой сети океана, грубыми штрихами.



FIGURE 26.4. Hypothetical effects of industrial whaling on some major components
of the Bering Sea ecosystem. Functionally dominant groups are shaded.
Prewhaling (before 1950) the ecosystem is dominated by marine mammals; postwhaling
(after 1972) it is dominated by groundfish.

Изменеия в структуре пищевой сети Берингова моря вследствие китобойного промысла. Если китов совсем выковырять, энергия аккумулированная продуцентами всё равно найдет себе путь и будет растрачена, а сторонний наблюдатель примет такое состояние за естественное. А киты? В организме недоставало чего-то.

Обе картинки из Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems / J.A. Estes . 2006

[Panthera Atrox]

Всё очень упрощено. Косатки питаются далеко не только ластоногими.

[Gilgamesh]

Карта разноса раковин мёртвых наутилусов вне пределов ареала вида. Указывает, на обманчивость палеоареалов раковинных головоногих, на причины их стратиграфической значимости. Ну и дает надежду: если долго и упорно искать наутилуса на сумрачных балтийских или солнечных черноморских берегах, то может быть когда-нибудь он и попадется, дерзайте! 

Карта из NAUTILUS The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil. Edited by W. Bruce Saunders. 2009

[Gilgamesh]

Леонардо в гробу волчком вертится, но всё же как получилось...


Figure 2.1. The paradox of external symmetry versus internal asymmetry, as exemplified by a human and a fly.


Figure 2.4. External asymmetries of three vertebrate species and what we would look like if we evolved like them.


Figure 5.3. Mammary gland locations in various mammals.

Quirks of human anatomy : an evo-devo look at the human body / Lewis I. Held, Jr. 2009

[Николай]

Шикарно, шикарно! Я думаю, Леонардо аплодирует.

[Gilgamesh]

Figure 7.18 Secondary sexual adornments in adult male anthropoids. Upper row: left: Red uakari (Cacajao calvus), centre: Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), right: Golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Lower row: left: Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), centre: Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), right: Man (Homo sapiens).



Figure 3.19 Relationship between body weight and length of the erect penis in fourteen primate species, including H. sapiens. 1. Callithrix jacchus; 2. Aotus lemurinus; 3. Otolemur garnettii; 4. Lemur catta; 5. Lophocebus aterrimus; 6. Macaca mulatta; 7. M. arctoides; 8. Papio hamadryas; 9. Mandrillus sphinx; 10. Pongo pygmaeus; 11. Gorilla gorilla; 12. Pan paniscus; 13. P. troglodytes; 14. Homo sapiens.

Компаративная фаллометрия.

Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems. Alan F. Dixson 2009

[zK]

Леонардо в гробу волчком вертится, но всё же как получилось...

Figure 5.3. Mammary gland locations in various mammals.

Quirks of human anatomy : an evo-devo look at the human body / Lewis I. Held, Jr. 2009

Здорово.
А я вот давно мечтаю посмотреть картинки или фотки, где показано расположение сосков у таких водоплавающих зверей как киты и, особенно, нутрия. Пишут, что они у них выше ватерлинии, чтобы кормить сосунков на плаву. Но картинок нигде не видно.
Может, кто знает - где взять?

[Павел Волков]

У китов соски ниже "ватерлинии" - на месте паховой области, по бокам полового отверстия, и детёныш сосёт молоко под водой - оно впрыскивается ему в рот. А вот у нутрии они действительно растут на боках. Ещё, говорят, у гапалемура соски "съехали" на плечи.

[zK]

А, ну да, у кита должно быть как у коровы. Просто недавно, забыл где, мне попалось про "выше ватерлинии", а я и возбудился, т.к. мне это было бы очень в кассу.
Но нутрия, конечно, меня интересует больше всего.
Может кто-то наведет на картинку расположения ее сосков? Или фотку, где ее дети к ней присосались, чтобы было видно - где.

[Gilgamesh]

Ещё, говорят, у гапалемура соски "съехали" на плечи.

Хм... не могу не вспомнить:

Она была очень стройная, с высокой торчащей вперед грудью и манящими острыми сосками, выпирающей из-под худых девичьих плеч.

http://www.netlore.ru/Pecheneg

[Gilgamesh]

Fig. 7.2 Carbon dioxide levels in Earth's atmosphere over the Phanerozoic.





Fig. 7.1 The increase in Earth's atmospheric oxygen over geological time. (a) From the Archaean to the Quaternary; (b) over the Phanerozoic (PAL, present atmospheric level). Some of the details shown in these curves are being debated, but the overall trends are generally accepted. Curves based on data collated (and smoothed) from many different sources.

Astrobiology of Earth The emergence, evolution, and future of life on a planet in turmoil. JOSEPH GALE. 2009

[Gilgamesh]

The relationship between brain and body weight in vertebrate groups, plotted in grams on logarithmic scales on which each tick marks a tenfold change. The members of each particular vertebrate group, such as the mammals, fall within a well-defined polygon. The teleosts are a large group of bony fish, distinct from the cartilaginous sharks and rays.


The brain of a typical fish, a trout, compared with the brain of the elephantnosed fish, a mormyrid. The overall brain size, and especially the blue-shaded component, the cerebellum, is much larger in the mormyrid.


A comparison between maps in the somatosensory cortex of the raccoon and the coatimundi. The representations of the different parts of the body in the brains are shown below. The opposite side of the body is represented in each hemisphere of the brain. The representations of the forepaw, greatly enlarged in the raccoon and much smaller in the coatimundi, are outlined in red. As shown in the enlargement of the forepaw map, Wally Welker and his colleagues also found that the representations of the individual digits of the highly sensitive raccoon forepaw are separated by small fissures; the skin between the digits is less sensitive and is represented in the bottoms of these fissures. Their observation suggests that one mechanism for the formation of cortical fissures results from the differential expansion of the representation of the more sensitive parts of the receptive surface, in this case the skin of the forepaw.


A logarithmic plot of fe tal brain weight against body weight for a sample of mammalian species. Note that for every fetal size primate brains are larger than those of non primates.

Evolving brains / John Morgan Allman. 1999

[Gilgamesh]

The griffin, considered a mythical creature by western culture, was most likely based on the skeletons of the dinosaur Protoceratops, common in the rocks of the Gobi Desert, near the Altai Mountains, where griffins are alleged to have existed.

Неоднозначное утверждение, которое должно проверяться историческими методами.



Centrosaurine skulls in the order in which they are found at the top of the Two Medicine Formation and bottom of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, with the intervening marine Bearpaw Formation. The asterisks designate the transitional forms. The numbers show the distance the skeletons were found from the top of the Two Medicine Formation. (Drawing based on an illustration originally by Kris Ellingsen, and additional morphological data.)

Dinosaur lives : unearthing an evolutionary saga / by John R. Horner. 1997

[Gilgamesh]

Fig. 2: Positive correlation between number of copulations and number of eyespots in the train in peacocks

Из Intra- and Intersexual Selection for Multiple Traits in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus) Adeline Loyau et al. Ethology 111, 810—820 (2005)



Figure 7. Relationship between male mating success and the number of eye-spots in the male's train. Redrawn from Petrie et al.20, with permission, © 1991 Elsevier



Figure 8. Change in the number of copulations between seasons for those males who had 20 eye-spots removed (experimental; six males) in comparison with those males whose trains were not manipulated (control; 15 males). Redrawn from Petrie and Halliday23 (Permission requested).



Figure 10. The relationship between the proportion of offspring surviving and the size of the eye-spots in their father's train. Redrawn from Petrie30, with permission, © 1994 Nature Publishing Group.

Из Is the peacock merely beautiful or also honest? Raghavendra Gadagkar. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 85, NO. 7, 10 OCTOBER 2003